The 2012 presidential race unfolded alongside a slow economic recovery and a major Supreme Court decision. On June 28, the Court upheld most of the Affordable Care Act, treating its individual insurance requirement as a valid exercise of Congress's taxing power while limiting the planned Medicaid expansion. President Barack Obama defeated former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney on November 6, winning 332 electoral votes and a second term. Democrats kept the Senate, and Republicans retained the House.
Technology, science and public participation repeatedly crossed paths. Thousands of websites darkened or altered their pages on January 18 to oppose the SOPA and PIPA copyright bills, helping stop legislation critics believed could damage the open internet. SpaceX's Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to visit the International Space Station in May. CERN researchers announced a particle consistent with the Higgs boson in July, and NASA's Curiosity rover landed on Mars in August using an elaborate rocket-powered sky crane.
The year's final months carried severe loss. Hurricane Sandy struck the Northeast on October 29, flooding New York and New Jersey communities, cutting power to millions and causing tens of billions of dollars in damage. On December 14, a gunman killed twenty children and six educators at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, after killing his mother. The attack renewed a national debate over gun laws, school safety and mental health while families and the community faced an enduring absence.
Gold dots on the calendar above mark these dates. Articles are researched from primary and authoritative sources listed on each page.