Americans watched political upheaval abroad and sharp conflict at home throughout 2011. Protests across North Africa and the Middle East removed longtime rulers in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, while US forces joined a NATO operation over Libya. On May 2 in Pakistan, Navy SEALs killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, nearly a decade after the September 11 attacks. Washington spent the summer arguing over the federal debt ceiling, reaching an agreement only days before the Treasury's projected deadline.
Natural and technological disasters arrived in quick succession. A March earthquake and tsunami in Japan caused the Fukushima nuclear accident and disrupted global supply chains. In the United States, a massive tornado destroyed much of Joplin, Missouri, on May 22 and killed 161 people, making it the country's deadliest single tornado since modern records began. Floods, drought and a record number of costly weather disasters made the year's extreme conditions difficult to treat as isolated episodes.
The year also closed chapters in technology and exploration. Space shuttle Atlantis landed on July 21 after the program's 135th mission, ending three decades of shuttle flights. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs died in October after years of illness, one day after the company introduced the iPhone 4S. Occupy Wall Street established a protest camp in September and spread a language of “the 99 percent,” while the last US troops left Iraq in December, formally ending the military mission begun in 2003.
Gold dots on the calendar above mark these dates. Articles are researched from primary and authoritative sources listed on each page.