The United States spent 1999 riding a long economic expansion while bracing for the turn of the millennium. The year opened with the Senate impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, which ended in acquittal on February 12. In late March, US forces joined NATO's 78-day air campaign against Yugoslavia over Kosovo. In April, the attack at Columbine High School in Colorado killed 12 students and a teacher and prompted changes in school security and police tactics that are still visible today.
Wall Street captured the era's optimism. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed above 10,000 for the first time on March 29, passed 11,000 on May 3 and finished the year at 11,497.12. Time named Amazon founder Jeff Bezos its Person of the Year, the first winner under that title, and chose Albert Einstein as Person of the Century. In theaters, Star Wars: The Phantom Menace became the top-grossing film released that year, while Cher's "Believe" finished as Billboard's No. 1 song of 1999 and Shakespeare in Love won best picture at the Oscars.
Sports fans watched John Elway win a second straight Super Bowl in the final game of his career, the San Antonio Spurs win their first NBA title in a lockout-shortened 50-game season and the New York Yankees sweep Atlanta in the World Series. The US women's soccer team won the World Cup before a record crowd at the Rose Bowl. NASA had a mixed year: Eileen Collins became the first woman to command a space shuttle, but both of its 1999 Mars missions were lost. The year closed with the handover of the Panama Canal and final checks of computer systems before the Y2K date change.
Gold dots on the calendar above mark these dates. Articles are researched from primary and authoritative sources listed on each page.